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Jefferson Team Designs Program that Helps Elderly Perform Daily Living Tasks and Live Longer

A Thomas Jefferson University (TJU) team has found that a personalized program of occupational and physical therapy – plus modifications in the home – can go a long way to help elderly individuals continue to live independently and also live longer.

Laura Gitlin, PhD, Director of the Center for Applied Research on Aging and Health and Professor of Occupational Therapy at the College of Health Professions at TJU in Philadelphia, and her team reported previously that a brief, six-visit program consisting of physical therapy, occupational therapy, home modification and some instruction in problem-solving helped elderly individuals in performing daily activities. After six months, those of the 319 men and women ages 70 and older enrolled in the study who received the program’s services had fewer difficulties with daily living tasks, especially personal care activities such as bathing and going to the toilet, than those who did not receive the help. Program participants were less afraid of falling, had more confidence in their abilities to manage everyday activities and used more effective coping strategies.

The program’s services were even more beneficial to participants in a 14-month follow-up study, as reported in the Journal of the American Geriatric Society . Dr. Gitlin and her coworkers found that only 1 percent of those receiving the services had died, compared to 10 percent in the control group. During the same 14-month period, of 31 participants who had been previously hospitalized and who received the services, none died, compared to 21 percent in the control group who had been hospitalized.

“These results appear to confirm that we are helping people address functional difficulties that in turn offsets further decline,” Dr. Gitlin says. “As people age, they often confront difficulties in carrying out everyday activities due to age-related changes and chronic diseases which can have significant functional consequences. Chronic conditions such as heart disease, stroke, arthritis and diabetes often result in older people having problems with daily tasks such as bathing, dressing and preparing meals.

“When you begin to have functional difficulties, it is very much associated with fear of falling. This is a serious syndrome among the elderly, resulting in other negative consequences, including activity limitations, depression and isolation. People often begin to restrict activities, which has a spiral down effect.

“We were interested in affecting how people thought and solved their daily functional problems, helping build their confidence by introducing effective coping strategies, making homes safer and improving performance.”

Making “Contact”
The six-month intervention consisted of five “contacts” by an occupational therapist (four 90-minute visits and one phone call) and one physical therapy visit for 90 minutes.

For example, if a person was having difficulty preparing meals, Dr. Gitlin’s team developed strategies to improve this. “We focused on performance and how individuals thought about an activity,” she explains, “and helped people problem solve.

“We can teach older people strategies that appear to have a survivorship benefit,” Dr. Gitlin concludes. “These findings are very important and suggest that occupational therapy and physical therapy should be integrated in the care of older people who have functional difficulties and chronic conditions.”